Summary
Chapter I
The narrator sets up a contract with the Reader, casting himself as a
Restauranteur, his work as a "Feast," and the Reader as his patron. Since the
Reader must pay for what he eats—the book—the narrator invites the
Reader to mull over the menu, which he promises to provide in the way of an
introductory clause at the opening of each Book and each Chapter. The type of
cuisine is none other than "human nature," a topic which has been written about
in the cheaper kind of literature, —thought it has been grossly bandied
about in stall-bound "Romances, Novels, Plays and Poems"—may have
refinement depending on the "Cookery of the Author." The narrator intends to
mimic the cookery of Heliogabalus, a Roman emperor who initiated his guests with
simple fare, slowly building to more sophisticated delicacies. After serving up
his simple fare of country characters, the narrator will present the Reader with
the "high French and Italian Seasoning of Affectation and Vice which Courts and
Cities afford."
Chapter II
In the western domain of England lives a retired gentleman, Mr. Allworthy,
blessed by Nature with good looks, robust health, understanding, an altruistic
disposition, and one of the most prosperous estates in the county of
Somersetshire. Five years before the story begins, Allworthy's beautiful and
virtuous wife passed away, following their three children, who died as infants.
Allworthy, however, still considers himself married—a sentiment that
inspires the praise of his neighbors. Allworthy lives with his only sibling, his
beloved sister, Miss Bridget Allworthy, who is called an "old Maid" because
she is thirty years old and unmarried. Miss Bridget is one of those "very good
sort of Women," which is the description women give to other women who are
deprived of beauty.
Chapter III
The reader may assume, based on the previous chapter's description, that
Allworthy does nothing other than perform benevolent deeds. But if this were the
case, the narrator says, he would not have wasted his time producing a work of
such epic length. If the Reader would rather read such matter, he can peruse
instead one of those boring books called The History of England.
An exhausted Allworthy, returning from business in London, retires to bed. On
pulling back the sheets he discovers a baby boy, swaddled in linen, sleeping
sweetly. Although greatly surprised, Allworthy cannot help but feel empathy for
the little being, and awe at its beauty. Allworthy rings his bell to summon his
old-time servant, Mrs. Deborah Wilkins. Mrs. Deborah takes some time to preen
herself, in spite of the urgency of Allworthy's summons, and it should therefore
come as no surprise, the narrator says, that she is shocked to find Allworthy,
who in his haste has forgotten to dress, wearing only his nightshirt. After
delivering a long monologue on the indecency of unchaste women—whom she
calls "wicked Sluts", Mrs. Deborah advises Allworthy to discard the baby at the
parish door. But, during Mrs. Deborah's speech, the baby has clasped Allworthy's
finger in his tiny hand, winning the man's heart. Allworthy orders Mrs. Deborah
to carry the boy to her bed, prepare food for him, and to seek out appropriate
clothes the next day. Mrs. Deborah, always loyal to her master, now calls the
boy a "sweet little Infant" and whisks the child away in her arms.
Chapter IV
Allworthy's Gothic-style house, which resides on a hill beneath a grove of old
oaks, is on a property that stretches out beyond lawns, meadows, and woods, and
out to the sea. Allworthy takes in this view during a mid-May morning walk, in
which his mind stews over the noble question of how he "might render himself
most acceptable to his Creator, by doing most Good to his Creatures." At
breakfast, Allworthy tells Miss Bridget he has a gift for her, which she
suspects will be a gown, or jewelry. She is therefore speechless with surprise
on first being presented with the baby boy Allworthy found in his bed the night
before. Miss Bridget calls the unknown mother every vile name she knows, but she
nevertheless shows some compassion for the child. All the female servants in the
house are suspected, but all are "acquitted" by Mrs. Wilkins, to whom the task
of inspecting all the women in the parish is given. Miss Bridget agrees to take
care of the child, at her brother's request.
Chapter V
Once Allworthy departs, Mrs. Deborah waits for contradictory orders from
Miss Bridget, since she knows that the brother and sister's opinions begin to
differ as soon as they are apart. Miss Bridget, after staring for a little
while at the baby sleeping in Mrs. Deborah's lap, cannot refrain from kissing it
and praising its beauty. She then sets about ordering "Necessaries" for the
child, and appoints one of the best rooms in the house to be its nursery. This
is not without a sly and contradictory quip at her brother, however, whom she
scorns for desiring to support Vice by adopting "the little Brat."
Chapter VI
Mrs. Deborah hurries to the parish in pursuit of the mother of the baby. Due to
her habit of treating the parish inhabitants with disdain and ill will, none of
the matrons there look forward to Mrs. Deborah's visit, but one old woman, who
is equal to Mrs. Deborah in age and ugliness, likes her better than the others.
The two women discuss the characters of various young women, and decide that a
certain Jenny Jones must have committed the crime.
Though Jenny is not beautiful, she has been endowed with "Understanding." She
has developed this quality through study, as she is the servant of a
schoolmaster who has undertaken to teach Latin to Jenny. The narrator grants
that Jenny is "perhaps, as good a Scholar as most of the young Men of Quality of
the Age," but, because of her superior intellect and accompanying pride, Jenny
has become the envy of her neighbors. This is why the elderly woman suspects
Jenny to be the mother of the foundling. Mrs. Wilkins, has additional reason
to suspect Jenny, because Jenny has recently spent time at Allworthy's house
nursing Miss Bridget out of an illness.
Summoned to face Mrs. Deborah, who dubs her an "audacious Strumpet," Jenny
confesses to being the mother of the child. Even though Jenny shows remorse,
Mrs. Deborah upbraids her even more, backed up by a chorus of female on-lookers
who have gathered around. Mrs. Deborah conveys the news to Mr. Allworthy, who is
greatly surprised, since he intended to reward Jenny's diligencet self-
improvement by arranging for her a decent living and a marriage with a
neighboring Curate. Mrs. Bridget is sent to summon Jenny to a conference with
Allworthy.
Chapter VII
Jenny meets Allworthy in his study, where he delivers an effusive monologue on
the crime of a woman's spoiling her Chastity. Allworthy reminds Jenny that
fleeting pleasure can overwhelm reason, which should remind one of the dire
consequences of passion. He argues that a woman cannot invoke love as an excuse
for her behavior, since no man who truly loved a woman would use her in so base
a way.
On a more positive note, Allworthy expresses admiration for Jenny's decision not
to abandon the child, as some callous mothers might have. He appreciates her
judgment in leaving the child to his care. When Allworthy asks the name of the
child's father, Jenny pleads with him, claiming she is "under the most solemn
Ties and Engagements of Honour, as well as the most religious Vows and
Protestations" not to reveal the father's name. Allworthy asserts that he does
not desire to know the man's name out of curiosity, but so that he may at least
know who to avoid doing favors for in the future. Jenny assures Allworthy that
the man is "entirely out of his Reach." Allworthy therefore respects Jenny's
wish that the man's name remain private and bids her to seek forgiveness from
God.
Chapter VIII
Miss Bridget and Mrs. Deborah, who have used the keyhole of the adjoining room
as a conduit to eavesdrop on Allworthy and Jenny's conversation, debate the
proceedings. Mrs. Deborah speaks out first, shrilly proclaiming that Mr.
Allworthy should have been harsher in his treatment of Jenny. She swears that if
she had been in his position, she would certainly have extracted the name of the
father. At this Miss Bridget smiles, a rare occurrence. Miss Bridget contradicts
Mrs. Deborah's outburst by praising Jenny for confessing to her crime and
hypocritically chastises Miss Bridget for prying into other people's business.
Mrs. Deborah, who normally reserves her judgment until her mistress has spoken,
now retracts all she said earlier. The women essentially take Jenny's side
because, like them, she is not beautiful, and the conversation ends with "a
general and bitter Invective against Beauty, and with many compassionate
Considerations for all honest, plain Girls, who are deluded by the wicked Arts
of deceitful Men."
Chapter IX
When the neighbors learn that instead of sending Jenny to a House of Correction,
Allworthy has simply banished her from the parish, they unleash invectives
against her. Jenny's distance prevents her from being the recipient of their
animosity, so the neighbors begin directing their maliciousness toward Mr.
Allworthy himself and spread rumors that he is the father himself. The narrator
assures the Reader that "Mr. Allworthy was, and will hereafter appear to be,
absolutely innocent of any criminal Intention whatever."
Chapter X
Although he favors "Men of Merit" and "Men of Genius and Learning," Allworthy
opens his house and heart to anyone. Men flock to Allworthy's company not only
because they are certain of being showered with hospitality, but because
Allworthy allows every guest to spend his time according to that guest's
inclination. The gentleman Dr. Blifil, one such visitor, has won Allworthy's
pity. This is due to the fact that Dr. Blifil's father forced him to study
medicine or "Physic" against his will and Allworthy pities anyone who has found
misfortune because of the "Folly or Villainy of others." Since he detests his
profession, Dr. Blifil hardly practices and, thus, has accumulated very little
fortune. Dr. Blifil's one shining quality, which is his "great Appearance of
Religion," attracts Miss Bridget to him. A romance springs up between the two
based on their particular "sympathy" of religious views. The narrator expresses
no surprise at this event, since he wryly observes that "Sympathies of all Kinds
are apt to beget Love; so Experience teaches us that none have a more direct
Tendency this Way than those of a religious Kind between Persons of different
Sexes."
One obstacle stands in Miss Bridget and Dr. Blifil's way: Dr. Blifil is married.
There is nothing for Dr. Blifil to do but try to conjure a match between Miss
Bridget and his brother. The narrator muses as to the reason for such a
decision, especially since Dr. Blifil "had no great Friendship for his Brother."
The narrator speculates that Dr. Blifil might just have an evil nature, or that
he wishes to be an accomplice in the "Theft" of a wealthy lady, or that he hopes
his status will vicariously be raised through his brother's marriage.
Captain Blifil, Dr. Blifil's brother, arrives at Allworthy's house almost
immediately after receiving the summons from his brother. The thirty-five-year-
old Captain is well built and has a scar on his forehead. His demeanor and voice
are rough, yet he is "not ungenteel, nor entirely void of Wit." The Captain's
father wanted his son to become a priest, but died before the ordination, and
the Captain became an army man instead. After an argument with his Colonel,
however, the Captain was forced to resign his commission and has since been
devoting himself to Biblical study in the countryside.
Only a week after his arrival at Allworthy's estate, Captain Blifil begins to
make an impression on the "Saint-like" character of Miss Bridget, thus
fulfilling his brother's hopes for him.
Chapter XI
Miss Bridget falls for Captain Blifil, even though the Captain is not good-
looking, which the narrator ascribes to Bridget's search for something profound
and meaningful. Bridget is not beautiful either, making it unnecessary for the
narrator to "draw her Picture." Moreover, the narrator relates, a better
artist—the famous Mr. Hogarth—has already undertaken that task. Once
the Captain catches scent of Bridget's passion for him, he returns it. The
Captain, however, has actually fallen in love with Mr. Allworthy's estate.
He harbors a fear that Allworthy will not approve of a match between his sister
and a man who is so much poorer than her, so he attempts to conceal his brief
courtship from Allworthy. The Captain proposes and is rejected twice before Miss
Bridget finally submits.
Chapter XII
Dr. Blifil takes the task of breaking the news of Dr. Blifil and Miss
Bridget's marriage to Allworthy upon himself. Finding Allworthy strolling in the
garden, Dr. Blifil greets him with a bitter speech about men's self-
interestedness and women's debauchery. Mr. Allworthy, however, already knows
about his sister's marriage and wholeheartedly supports it in spite of Captain
Blifil's lack of finances. Allworthy stops Dr. Blifil mid-sentence with his
angelic philosophies about marriage being based on love. Allworthy does not
believe that physical attraction and financial concerns should be renounced
entirely, but he also believes that they should not be the sole basis for
matrimony.
Chapter XIII
Dr. Blifil tells his brother about how he pretended to be angry when he met
Allworthy in the garden, saying that he wanted to dismiss any suspicions
Allworthy might have that Dr. Blifil set up the marriage. The narrator says that
the Captain will later make use of this disclosure. Now that the Captain
possesses Miss Bridget and her money, he treats his brother with the utmost
disdain. No one can help noticing this behavior, not even Allworthy, to whom the
Captain confides that he can never forgive his brother for a past injury.
Allworthy protests so loudly against not forgiving that the Captain affects a
pretense of goodwill toward his brother when they are in company, but in private
his contempt continues. Dr. Blifil appeals to his brother, but the Captain
rudely tells him to quit the house if he is not content. The narrator hints that
Dr. Blifil is indeed guilty of some former crime, and submits to his brother's
behavior because he does not want the Captain to reveal this secret to
Allworthy. Moreover, the Captain, who is proud and fierce, has long resented his
brother's intellectual capacities. The narrator concludes that envy mangled with
contempt and obligation tends to breed indignation rather than gratitude. Dr.
Blifil can no longer bear his brother's cruelty and departs for London, where he
dies of a broken heart.
Analysis
By beginning Book I with some self-conscious reflections on the role of an
author, Fielding immediately incorporates his "Reader" into the novel. In
Chapter I, Fielding refers to the reader in the third person, and in the rest of
Book I he addresses the reader directly—a form of address known as
apostrophe. Fielding's deep concern for establishing a relationship between
author and reader reflects on the context in which he was writing: with the
"novel" as a newly emerging form of literature, the act of reading was shifting
from a public to a private experience, which explains why Fielding always refers
to a single reader, not to a group of readers. Fielding's concern is not without
irony, however, since Fielding often makes the reader aware of how little power
he or she has. While the narrator promises in Chapter I to provide a menu at the
beginning of each chapter, the reader soon realizes that this menu is not to be
as lucid and useful as promised.
By involving the Reader in the novel, Fielding invites us to reflect on the
construction of the work and on the reading process itself. By relentlessly
alluding to writers and figures from Classical Antiquity and Mythology, Fielding
reminds the reader of the strong intellectual foundation on which this work has
been built. Yet Fielding greets even these references with some irony. Indeed,
Fielding questions the very definition of a "novel" by creating a pastiche of
various styles of writing. He expresses scorn towards the "Romances, Novels,
Plays and Poems, with which the Stalls abound" and implies in Chapter III that
his work deserves to be placed among the more reputable "History" genre.
Yet the plot that drives Book I—Mr. Allworthy's discovery of the
foundling in his bed, and the marriage of Miss Bridget Allworthy to
Captain Blifil—suggests that Fielding is trying to revolutionize the
very notion of "History," by rejecting dour political histories and trying to
construct a set of personal histories instead. Instead of probing into his
characters' psychologies, as a more traditional novel might, Fielding insists on
presenting "scenes" to the reader—faithful transcriptions of their actions
and dialogue that read like historical facts.
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