Summary
Never one to miss an opportunity, Juno sends her messenger,
Iris, down from Olympus to inform Turnus that Aeneas is away from
his camp. With their leader gone, the Trojans are particularly vulnerable
to an attack, so Turnus immediately leads his army toward the enemy
camp. The Trojans spot the army coming and secure themselves inside
their newly constructed fortress, unwilling to risk an open battle
while Aeneas is away. Finding no obvious weakness in their defenses,
Turnus decides to circumnavigate the camp and set fire to the defenseless
ships anchored on the shore.
The fleet’s destruction seems inevitable, but an old
blessing prevents the ships’ incineration. At the fleet’s construction,
Cybele—mother of the gods and sister of Saturn—requested her son
Jupiter to render the vessels immortal because they were built of
wood from trees in her sacred forest. As Turnus and his troops watch
the ships burn, the vessels suddenly pull loose of their anchors,
submerge, and reappear as sea nymphs. This sign vexes the Latins,
but Turnus remains confident and determined to complete his annihilation
of the Trojans, portents from the gods notwithstanding. Night falls, and
the Latins make camp around the Trojan fortress.
The Trojans know that they must send reports of the Latins’ movements
to Aeneas quickly. Nisus and Euryalus, two friends eager for glory
and adventure, volunteer to sneak out in the dark of night. The
Trojan captains applaud the bravery of the two men. Quietly leaving
the fortress, the two find the entire Latin army fast asleep. They
pull their swords and begin slaughtering many great captains. When
daylight approaches, they finally make their way toward the woods,
but not before Euryalus takes the high helmet of a Latin captain
as a prize. As they approach the forest, a group of enemy horsemen
returning to camp through the woods sees the helmet flash in the
distance, and rides toward the two Trojans. Nisus manages
to escape into the woods, but the horsemen capture Euryalus. Nisus
rushes back to save his friend, but in the end both are killed.
The Latins put the heads of the two Trojans on stakes and parade
them before the Trojan fortress, to the dismay of those inside.
Then the Latins attack. They cross the trenches surrounding
the Trojan fortress and try to identify a weak spot in the walls,
holding up their shields to block the barrage of spears that the
Trojans hurl down from above. There is a high tower standing just
outside the main gate, which Turnus lights on fire. Turnus and his
men collapse the tower, killing many Trojans inside. The Trojans
within the fortress begin to panic, but Ascanius renews their hope,
getting his first taste of war when he fires an arrow through the
head of Remulus, one of the Latin captains. Their confidence renewed,
the Trojans open the gates and surprise the Latins by rushing out
in attack, inflicting many Latin casualties in one quick strike.
Unfortunately for the Trojans, Turnus joins the fray, suppresses
the Trojans’ surge, and begins to force them to retreat to the fortress.
The Trojan Pandarus, observing the turning tide of battle, quickly
shuts the gates again, allowing as many of his comrades as possible
back inside—but letting Turnus through as well. Finally inside the
enemy camp, the Latin leader kills Trojans as though it were an
easy game. Eventually, though, Turnus is outnumbered, and narrowly
escapes by jumping into the Tiber and floating back out to his comrades.
Analysis
Throughout the poem, interventions on the part of the
immortals tend to be spontaneous, responding to mortal affairs as
they unfold. But Virgil’s contention, while describing the burning
Trojan fleet, that the fleet is immune to fire because of Cybele’s
blessing reads as a contrived act of retroactive deus ex
machina. Deus ex machina literally means
“god from the machine,” and it is a device used to diffuse or solve
a seemingly impossible situation by means of the spontaneous act
of a divine hand. It is strange that we are not told about the immunity
of the ships beforehand, given that we are told, for instance, that
when the Trojans eat their own tables they will know they have arrived
at their final destination.
Even stranger is the fact that the miraculous transformation
of the Trojan ships into sea nymphs, though the result of a god’s
work, does not benefit the Trojans at all. Sea nymphs are not fit
for sailing, so the Trojans lose their fleet despite divine intervention
on their behalf. The Latins ultimately accomplish their mission
of rendering the Trojan fleet useless, meaning that the Trojans
are unable to flee the battle by sailing back out to sea. They are
now grounded, and it is certain that the events of the
epic are to be played out on Italian soil. Aesthetically, the transformation
of the Trojan ships into sea nymphs is a sublime ending to the journey
of a fleet of vessels that, from the epic’s inception, has been
buffeted by constant torments and trials. To go down in flames while
at anchor ashore would be a fate unworthy of ships that have endured
such harshness at sea. Their underwater metamorphosis proves their
status as heroic objects of war.
